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The Ultimate Mold, Mycotoxin and Human Symptom Chart

Not all mold produces secondary metabolites but most of the ones that do are harmful to humans. These molds can produce these secondary metabolites that are either antibiotics or mycotoxins. Antibiotics are isolated from mold (and some bacterial) cultures and some of their bacteriotoxic or bacteriostatic properties are exploited medicinally to try to fight infections.

Mycotoxins are all cytotoxic, which disrupt various cellular structures such as membranes, and interferes with vital cellular processes such as protein, RNA and DNA synthesis. They are also toxic to the cells of higher plants and animals, including humans. This chart specifically deals with the effects on human health.

Mold Name	Mycotoxin Produced by that mold	Route of Exposure	Health Effects of that Mycotoxin in the Human Body	Possible documented remedies, therapies or treatments
Acremonium crotocinigenum	Crotocin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs)	Crotocin is a trichothecene. Trichothecenes are a very large family of chemically related mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys. Trichothecenes have multiorgan effects including anoerxia and weight loss, growth retardation, nervous disorders, cardiovascular alterations, immunodepression, hemostatic derangements, skin toxicity, decreased reproductive capacity, bone marrow damage, and alimentary toxic aleukia. After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa, including skin irritation, burning and itching, rash or blisters, and bleeding. Eye contact can cause tearing, eye pain, conjunctivitis, burning sensations about the eyes, and blurred vision for up to 1 week. Symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and acute vascular effects leading to hypotension and shock.	Taking 2 daily warm baths of water and 2 cups of ammonia 3%-household type (clear) over 3 month periods was shown in lab tests to neutralize Trichothecene mycotoxins in humans, infants and animals.
Alternaria alternata	Altenuic acid	In the lasts years different food matrices were analyzed for the presence of Alternaria mycotoxins, including cereals (wheat, barley, rice, oat, maize, sorghum, bakery products, and bread); fruits and vegetables (tomato, tomato products, pepper, garlic, onions, black radish, apple and apple juice, sweet cherry, strawberries, berries and blueberries, red fruits, orange fruits, citrus, and pomegranate fruits); beverages (beer; wine: red, white, and rosé; tea and herbal infusions; cider; fruit; and vegetable juices); other products (spices, nuts, walnuts, dried figs, olives, oilseeds, sugar beet pulp, maca, soy isoflavones, soya meal, and ginkgo biloba); silage, feed, and feed ingredients. Among all of the analyzed matrices, tomato, followed by cereals and fruits, especially apples and berries, were the most studied foodstuff in recent years for Alternaria mycotoxins. Alternaria toxins are, together with aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, the most commonly found mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products.	there are no specific international regulations for any of the Alternaria mycotoxins, EFSA has provided a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of Alternariatoxins in food and feed
Alternaria alternata	Alternariol	In the lasts years different food matrices were analyzed for the presence of Alternaria mycotoxins, including cereals (wheat, barley, rice, oat, maize, sorghum, bakery products, and bread); fruits and vegetables (tomato, tomato products, pepper, garlic, onions, black radish, apple and apple juice, sweet cherry, strawberries, berries and blueberries, red fruits, orange fruits, citrus, and pomegranate fruits); beverages (beer; wine: red, white, and rosé; tea and herbal infusions; cider; fruit; and vegetable juices); other products (spices, nuts, walnuts, dried figs, olives, oilseeds, sugar beet pulp, maca, soy isoflavones, soya meal, and ginkgo biloba); silage, feed, and feed ingredients. Among all of the analyzed matrices, tomato, followed by cereals and fruits, especially apples and berries, were the most studied foodstuff in recent years for Alternaria mycotoxins. Alternaria toxins are, together with aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, the most commonly found mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products.	there are no specific international regulations for any of the Alternaria mycotoxins, EFSA has provided a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of Alternariatoxins in food and feed
Aspergillus carneus	Citrinin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs)	Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Citrinin acts as a nephrotoxin. It causes mycotoxic nephropathy and found as the cause of Balkan nephropathy and yellow rice fever in humans. Though the kidney is the major target organ of citrinin toxicity, other target organs such as liver and bone marrow have also been reported. Irritation of the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract, depending on the route of exposure. May produce an allergic hypersensitivity dermatitis or asthma with bronchospasm and wheezing with chronic exposure.
Aspergillus carneus	Maltoryzine	-	Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)	-
Aspergillus carneus	Viomellein	-	-	-
Aspergillus clavatus	Cytochalasin E	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs).	Can cause cells to undergo apoptosis. Cytochalasin E also inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Major biological effects of cytochalasins include inhibition of the division of cytoplasm, reversible inhibition of cell movement, induction of nuclear extrusion, inhibition of such processes as phagocytosis, platelet aggregation and clot retraction, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and release of growth hormone. Some cytochalasins have been shown to have developmental effects. Congestive degenerative changes, necrosis of liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, and small intestine, brain edema, pulmonary hemorrhages, and injury to vascular walls.
Aspergillus clavatus	Maltoryzine	-	Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus clavatus	Patulin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs)	gastrointestinal hyperemia, distension, hemorrhage and ulceration. It has also been shown to be immunotoxic (attacks the immune system), and neurotoxic (causing many neurological problems). Skin irritation occurs in cases of topical exposure. Patulin is also a stomach irritant and causes nausea and vomiting if ingested.
Aspergillus clavatus	Tryptoquivalene	-	-	-
Aspergillus clavatus	Viomellein	-	-	-
Aspergillus flavus	Aflatrem	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs)	Tremorgenic mycotoxins affect central nervous system activity, inducing neurologic symptoms including mental confusion, paralysis, tremors, seizures, and death.	activated charcoal administered can limit further absorption of toxins.
Aspergillus flavus	Aflatoxin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs)	vomiting, abdominal pain, pulmonary edema, convulsions, coma, and death with cerebral edema and fatty involvment of the liver, kidneys, and heart. Liver cell cancers.
Aspergillus flavus	Maltoryzine	-	Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus flavus	Sterigmatocystin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs)	Cell damage, carcinogenic to humans, Sterigmatocystin is considered as a potent carcinogen, mutagen and teratogen. It causes necrosis of the liver and kidney. May also cause hepatocellular carcinoma, acute hepatitis, Reye's syndrome, bile duct cell proliferation, periportal fibrosis, hemorrhages, mucous membrane jaundice, fatty liver changes, cirrhosis in malnourished children, and kwashiorkor. anorexia and weight loss. It can also cause diarrhea.	Phenobarbital may be administered to enhances hepatic transformation activities and protect against Sterigmatocystin-induced toxicity, carcinogenicity and DNA binding in vivo. In cases of ingestion, feeding large quantities of an adsorbent such as activated charcoal may be used. The hepatic function should be monitored.
Aspergillus flavus	Viomellein	-	-	-
Aspergillus fumigatus	Fumagilin
Aspergillus fumigatus	Gliotoxin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). Aspergillus fumigatus is case in point. It is the major species associated with aspergillosis and produces gliotoxins (inhibitors of T-cell activation and proliferation as well as macrophage phagocytosis). However, gliotoxin is not known to be produced in significant amounts by Aspergillus fumigatus during human disease (265). Gliotoxin is a fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium.	Gliotoxin possesses immune system suppression properties as it may cause apoptosis in certain types of cells of the immune system, including neutrophils, eosinophils, granulocytes, macrophages, and thymocytes. It is also cytotoxic and causes neurite degeneration. gliotoxin has been associated with infections by Candida albicans (230, 231). The ability to grow at human body temperature (37°C) is clearly an important requirement for systemic mycotic infection, but the optimum temperature for the biosynthesis of most mycotoxins is within a more mesophilic range (20 to 30°C). Gliotoxin targets thioredoxin redox system Gliotoxin suppresses Immune systems Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis caused by Gliotoxins How Gliotoxin, from Aspergillus Fumigatus can cripple the immune system
Aspergillus fumigatus	Maltoryzine	-	Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus fumigatus	Verruculogen	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). Verruculogen is a tremorgenic mycotoxin that has been found in fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. It may be found in contaminated cereal crops such as oats, barley, millet, corn and rice	Tremorgenic mycotoxins affect central nervous system activity. Verruculogen is also genotoxic and causes DNA damage. Tremorgenic mycotoxins affect central nervous system activity, inducing neurologic symptoms including mental confusion, paralysis, tremors, seizures, and death. They cause a neurological disease of cattle known as "staggers syndrome", which is characterized by muscle tremors, hyperexcitability, convulsions and ataxia.	To control severe tremors caused by tremorgenic mycotoxins, methocarbamol should be administered. Generalized seizures may be treated with diazepam followed by methocarbamol or a barbiturate such as pentobarbital sodium. Gastric lavage should be performed and activated charcoal administered to limit further absorption of toxins.
Aspergillus fumigatus	Viriditoxin	-	-	-
Aspergillus fumigatus	Viomellein	-	-	-
Aspergillus nidulans	Sterigmatocystin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs)	Cell damage, carcinogenic to humans, Sterigmatocystin is considered as a potent carcinogen, mutagen and teratogen. It causes necrosis of the liver and kidney. May also cause hepatocellular carcinoma, acute hepatitis, Reye's syndrome, bile duct cell proliferation, periportal fibrosis, hemorrhages, mucous membrane jaundice, fatty liver changes, cirrhosis in malnourished children, and kwashiorkor. anorexia and weight loss. It can also cause diarrhea.	Phenobarbital may be administered to enhances hepatic transformation activities and protect against Sterigmatocystin-induced toxicity, carcinogenicity and DNA binding in vivo. In cases of ingestion, feeding large quantities of an adsorbent such as activated charcoal may be used. The hepatic function should be monitored.
Aspergillus nidulans	Maltoryzine	-	Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus nidulans	Viomellein	-	-	-
Aspergillus niger	Malformin	-	-	-
Aspergillus niger	Maltoryzine	-	Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus niger	Oxalic acid	Oxalic acid and oxalates are abundantly present in many plants, most notably fat hen (lamb's quarters), sorrel, and Oxalis species. The root and/or leaves of rhubarb and buckwheat are listed being high in oxalic acid.[8] Other edible plants that contain significant concentrations of oxalic acid include—in decreasing order—star fruit (carambola), black pepper, parsley, poppy seed, amaranth, spinach, chard, beets, cocoa, chocolate, most nuts, most berries, and beans.	Because it binds vital nutrients such as calcium, long-term consumption of foods high in oxalic acid can be problematic. Healthy individuals can safely consume such foods in moderation, but those with kidney disorders, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, or certain forms of chronic vulvar pain (vulvodynia) are typically advised to avoid foods high in oxalic acid or oxalates. The calcium oxalate precipitate (better known as kidney stones) obstruct the kidney tubules. Conversely, calcium supplements taken along with foods high in oxalic acid can cause calcium oxalate to precipitate out in the gut and drastically reduce the levels of oxalate absorbed by the body (by 97% in some cases.) Chronically high levels of oxalic acid are associated with at least 2 inborn errors of metabolism including: Type I primary hyperoxaluria and Primary hyperoxaluria. Oxalate stones in primary hyperoxaluria tend to be severe, resulting in relatively early kidney damage (before age 20), which impairs the excretion of oxalate leading to a further acceleration in accumulation of oxalate in the body. After the development of renal failure patients may develop oxalate deposits in the bones, joints and bone marrow. Severe cases may develop haematological problems such as anaemia and thrombocytopaenia. The deposition of oxalate in the body is sometimes called "oxalosis" to be distinguished from "oxaluria" which refers to oxalate in the urine.Oxalic acid poisoning symptoms include weakness, burning in the mouth, death from cardiovascular collapse, on the respiratory system, throat – burning in the throat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, and coma.	Acute Exposure: If oxalic acid is swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a health care provider. DO NOT give water or milk if the person is having symptoms (such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness) that make it hard to swallow. If acute exposure occurs to the eyes, irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. Chronic exposure: in some patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1, pyridoxine treatment (vitamin B6) may decrease oxalate excretion and prevent kidney stone formation.
Aspergillus niger	Viomellein	-	-	-
Aspergillus ochraceus	Destruxin B	Found in grains, soil and salted food products. It is not usually associated with decaying vegetation.
Aspergillus ochraceus	Maltoryzine	Found in grains, soil and salted food products. It is not usually associated with decaying vegetation.	Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus ochraceus	Ochratoxin	Found in grains, soil and salted food products. It is not usually associated with decaying vegetation.
Aspergillus ochraceus	Penicillic acid	Found in grains, soil and salted food products. It is not usually associated with decaying vegetation.	reported to be kidney and liver toxins
Aspergillus ochraceus	Viomellein	Found in grains, soil and salted food products. It is not usually associated with decaying vegetation.	reported to be kidney and liver toxins
Aspergillus parasiticus	Aflatoxin		vomiting, abdominal pain, pulmonary edema, convulsions, coma, and death with cerebral edema and fatty involvment of the liver, kidneys, and heart. Liver cell cancers.
Aspergillus parasiticus	Maltoryzine		Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus parasiticus	Viomellein
Aspergillus terreus	Citrinin		Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Citrinin acts as a nephrotoxin. It causes mycotoxic nephropathy and found as the cause of Balkan nephropathy and yellow rice fever in humans. Though the kidney is the major target organ of citrinin toxicity, other target organs such as liver and bone marrow have also been reported. Irritation of the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract, depending on the route of exposure. May produce an allergic hypersensitivity dermatitis or asthma with bronchospasm and wheezing with chronic exposure.
Aspergillus terreus	Citreoviridin		reported brain neurotoxicity may be related to the altered enzymatic activities.
Aspergillus terreus	Maltoryzine		Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus terreus	Viomellein
Aspergillus ustus	Austdiol
Aspergillus ustus	Austamide
Aspergillus ustus	Austocystin
Aspergillus ustus	Brevianamide
Aspergillus ustus	Maltoryzine		Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus ustus	Viomellein
Aspergillus versicolor	Cyclopiazonic acid
Aspergillus versicolor	Maltoryzine		Maltoryzine may cause peripherall nerve and sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)
Aspergillus versicolor	Sterigmatocystin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs)	Cell damage, carcinogenic to humans, Sterigmatocystin is considered as a potent carcinogen, mutagen and teratogen. It causes necrosis of the liver and kidney. May also cause hepatocellular carcinoma, acute hepatitis, Reye's syndrome, bile duct cell proliferation, periportal fibrosis, hemorrhages, mucous membrane jaundice, fatty liver changes, cirrhosis in malnourished children, and kwashiorkor. anorexia and weight loss. It can also cause diarrhea.	Phenobarbital may be administered to enhances hepatic transformation activities and protect against Sterigmatocystin-induced toxicity, carcinogenicity and DNA binding in vivo. In cases of ingestion, feeding large quantities of an adsorbent such as activated charcoal may be used. The hepatic function should be monitored.
Aspergillus versicolor	Viomellein		reported to be kidney and liver toxins
Botrytis	Patulin	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs).	gastrointestinal hyperemia, distension, hemorrhage and ulceration. It has also been shown to be immunotoxic (attacks the immune system), and neurotoxic (causing many neurological problems). Skin irritation occurs in cases of topical exposure. Patulin is also a stomach irritant and causes nausea and vomiting if ingested.
Cephalasporium	Trichothecene	Used in antibiotics such as Cephalexin
Chaetomium cochliodes	Cochliodinol	-	-	-
Chaetomium globosum	Chaetoglobosin	-	1. Invasive pulmonary mycosis 2. Phytotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities	-
Cladosporium	Cladosporin	ubiquitous fungus prevailing at a comparatively high frequency in the outdoor environment1, 2,3. Habit of this fungus is largely saprophytic inhabiting dead organic matter and often contaminating the food material	Cladosporium species are known to secrete mycotoxins which are believed to be causal agents for allergies, Cutaneous/sub-cutaneous infections, Pulmonary mycosis, phaeohypho mycosis etc. Some of these manifestations may be life threatening. As such, this airborne fungus has significant repercussions for human health. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity.
Cladosporium	Isocladosporin	ubiquitous fungus prevailing at a comparatively high frequency in the outdoor environment1, 2,3. Habit of this fungus is largely saprophytic inhabiting dead organic matter and often contaminating the food material	Cladosporium species are known to secrete mycotoxins which are believed to be causal agents for allergies, Cutaneous/sub-cutaneous infections, Pulmonary mycosis, phaeohypho mycosis etc. Some of these manifestations may be life threatening. As such, this airborne fungus has significant repercussions for human health. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity.
Cladosporium	Emodin	ubiquitous fungus prevailing at a comparatively high frequency in the outdoor environment1, 2,3. Habit of this fungus is largely saprophytic inhabiting dead organic matter and often contaminating the food material	Cladosporium species are known to secrete mycotoxins which are believed to be causal agents for allergies, Cutaneous/sub-cutaneous infections, Pulmonary mycosis, phaeohypho mycosis etc. Some of these manifestations may be life threatening. As such, this airborne fungus has significant repercussions for human health. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity.
Cladosporium	Epi- and fagi-	ubiquitous fungus prevailing at a comparatively high frequency in the outdoor environment1, 2,3. Habit of this fungus is largely saprophytic inhabiting dead organic matter and often contaminating the food material	Cladosporium species are known to secrete mycotoxins which are believed to be causal agents for allergies, Cutaneous/sub-cutaneous infections, Pulmonary mycosis, phaeohypho mycosis etc. Some of these manifestations may be life threatening. As such, this airborne fungus has significant repercussions for human health. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity.
Cladosporium	Cladosporic acid	ubiquitous fungus prevailing at a comparatively high frequency in the outdoor environment1, 2,3. Habit of this fungus is largely saprophytic inhabiting dead organic matter and often contaminating the food material	Cladosporium species are known to secrete mycotoxins which are believed to be causal agents for allergies, Cutaneous/sub-cutaneous infections, Pulmonary mycosis, phaeohypho mycosis etc. Some of these manifestations may be life threatening. As such, this airborne fungus has significant repercussions for human health. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity.

Cladosporium	Ergot Alkaloids	ubiquitous fungus prevailing at a comparatively high frequency in the outdoor environment1, 2,3. Habit of this fungus is largely saprophytic inhabiting dead organic matter and often contaminating the food material	Cladosporium species are known to secrete mycotoxins which are believed to be causal agents for allergies, Cutaneous/sub-cutaneous infections, Pulmonary mycosis, phaeohypho mycosis etc. Some of these manifestations may be life threatening. As such, this airborne fungus has significant repercussions for human health. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity. Also, over a dozen molecules have been detected as secondary metabolites of Cladosporium species; many of which have shown toxigenic activity.
Cylindrocarpon	Roridin E (Trichothecene class)	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs).	Trichothecenes have multiorgan effects including anoerxia and weight loss, growth retardation, nervous disorders, cardiovascular alterations, immunodepression, hemostatic derangements, skin toxicity, decreased reproductive capacity, bone marrow damage, and alimentary toxic aleukia. After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa, including skin irritation, burning and itching, rash or blisters, and bleeding. Eye contact can cause tearing, eye pain, conjunctivitis, burning sensations about the eyes, and blurred vision for up to 1 week. Symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and acute vascular effects leading to hypotension and shock.	Taking 2 daily warm baths of water and 2 cups of ammonia 3%-household type (clear) over 3 month periods was shown in lab tests to remove and neutralize Trichothecene mycotoxins in humans, infants and animals.
Dendrodochium	Verrucarin A, B or J (Trichothecene class)	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). Verrucarin A is a trichothecene. Trichothecenes are a very large family of chemically related mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are: the 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxyl or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain. They are produced on many different grains like wheat, oats or maize by various Fusarium species such as F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. equiseti. Some molds that produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, can grow in damp indoor environments and may contribute to health problems among building occupants.	Trichothecenes have multiorgan effects including anoerxia and weight loss, growth retardation, nervous disorders, cardiovascular alterations, immunodepression, hemostatic derangements, skin toxicity, decreased reproductive capacity, bone marrow damage, and alimentary toxic aleukia. After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa, including skin irritation, burning and itching, rash or blisters, and bleeding. Eye contact can cause tearing, eye pain, conjunctivitis, burning sensations about the eyes, and blurred vision for up to 1 week. Symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and acute vascular effects leading to hypotension and shock.	Taking 2 daily warm baths of water and 2 cups of ammonia 3%-household type (clear) over 3 month periods was shown in lab tests to remove and neutralize Trichothecene mycotoxins in humans, infants and animals.
Eurotium chevalieri	Xanthocillin
Fusarium avenaceum	Yavanicin+1
Fusarium avenaceum	Acetoxyscirpenediol (Trichothecene class)	Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). Verrucarin A is a trichothecene. Trichothecenes are a very large family of chemically related mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are: the 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxyl or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain. They are produced on many different grains like wheat, oats or maize by various Fusarium species such as F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. equiseti. Some molds that produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, can grow in damp indoor environments and may contribute to health problems among building occupants.	Trichothecenes have multiorgan effects including anoerxia and weight loss, growth retardation, nervous disorders, cardiovascular alterations, immunodepression, hemostatic derangements, skin toxicity, decreased reproductive capacity, bone marrow damage, and alimentary toxic aleukia. After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa, including skin irritation, burning and itching, rash or blisters, and bleeding. Eye contact can cause tearing, eye pain, conjunctivitis, burning sensations about the eyes, and blurred vision for up to 1 week. Symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and acute vascular effects leading to hypotension and shock.	Taking 2 daily warm baths of water and 2 cups of ammonia 3%-household type (clear) over 3 month periods was shown in lab tests to remove and neutralize Trichothecene mycotoxins in humans, infants and animals.
Fusarium avenaceum	Acetyldeoxynivalenol	Verrucarin A is a trichothecene. Trichothecenes are a very large family of chemically related mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys. The most important structural features causing the biological activities of trichothecenes are: the 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxyl or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus and the structure and position of the side-chain. They are produced on many different grains like wheat, oats or maize by various Fusarium species such as F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. equiseti. Some molds that produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, can grow in damp indoor environments and may contribute to health problems among building occupants.	Trichothecenes have multiorgan effects including anoerxia and weight loss, growth retardation, nervous disorders, cardiovascular alterations, immunodepression, hemostatic derangements, skin toxicity, decreased reproductive capacity, bone marrow damage, and alimentary toxic aleukia. After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa, including skin irritation, burning and itching, rash or blisters, and bleeding. Eye contact can cause tearing, eye pain, conjunctivitis, burning sensations about the eyes, and blurred vision for up to 1 week. Symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and acute vascular effects leading to hypotension and shock.	Taking 2 daily warm baths of water and 2 cups of ammonia 3%-household type (clear) over 3 month periods was shown in lab tests to remove and neutralize Trichothecene mycotoxins in humans, infants and animals.
Fusarium culmorum	Yavanicin+1
Fusarium culmorum	Acetoxyscirpenediol
Fusarium culmorum	Acetyldeoxynivalenol
Fusarium equiseti	Yavanicin+1
Fusarium equiseti	Acetoxyscirpenediol
Fusarium equiseti	Acetyldeoxynivalenol
Fusarium equiseti	Acetylneosolaniol
Fusarium graminearum	Yavanicin+1
Fusarium moniliforme	Yavanicin+1
Fusarium moniliforme	Acetoxyscirpenediol
Fusarium moniliforme	Acetyldeoxynivalenol
Fusarium moniliforme	Acetylneosolaniol
Fusarium nivale	Acetoxyscirpenediol
Fusarium nivale	Acetyldeoxynivalenol
Fusarium nivale	Yavanicin+1
Fusarium oxysporum	Acetoxyscirpenediol
Fusarium oxysporum	Acetyldeoxynivalenol
Fusarium oxysporum	Acetylneosolaniol
Fusarium oxysporum	Yavanicin+1
Fusarium roseum	Yavanicin+1
Fusarium roseum	Acetoxyscirpenediol
Fusarium roseum	Acetyldeoxynivalenol

Monographella nivalis	Bentenolide
Penicillium corylophilum	Citrinin
Peniccillium Corylophilum	Epoxyagroclavine(Ergot Alkaloid)	Ergot alkaloids are chemicals produced by a species of the genus of Penicillium which occurs in damp buildings in United States, Canada and western Europe but it can also be found in a variety of foods and mosquitoes. Penicillium corylophilum produces the alkaloid (chemical) epoxyagroclavine and citrinin and is a pathogen to mosquitoes.	Ergot Alkaloids cause vasoconstriction in humans and animals (constriction of the vascular system)
Penicillium viridictum	Ochratoxin
Penicillium viridicatum	Viomellein
Stachybotrys Chartarum	Satratoxin F
Stachybotrys Chartarum	Satratoxin G
Stachybotrys Chartarum	Satratoxin H
Stachybotrys Chartarum	Trichothecene		Trichothecenes have multiorgan effects including anoerxia and weight loss, growth retardation, nervous disorders, cardiovascular alterations, immunodepression, hemostatic derangements, skin toxicity, decreased reproductive capacity, bone marrow damage, and alimentary toxic aleukia. After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa, including skin irritation, burning and itching, rash or blisters, and bleeding. Eye contact can cause tearing, eye pain, conjunctivitis, burning sensations about the eyes, and blurred vision for up to 1 week. Symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and acute vascular effects leading to hypotension and shock. http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/1/4.full#sec-4
Stachybotrys Chartarum	Trichoverrins
Stachybotrys Chartarum	Trichoverrols
Stachybotrys chartarum	Verrucarin
Trichoderma viridi	Satratoxin F
Trichoderma viridi	Satratoxin G
Trichoderma viridi	Satratoxin H gliotoxin	Gliotoxin is a sulfur-containing mycotoxin that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced by several species of fungi, especially those of marine origin. The compound is produced by human pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, and also by species of Trichoderma, and Penicillium.
Wallemia sebi	walleminol A	Commonly found on highly sugared or salted materials, such as jams, bread, cakes, sugar, bacon, salted meats, and salted fish Unproperly stored fish (too long) on the surface of the fish. Wallemia sebi grows on damp surfaces rather than wet. Found in HVAC systems, Air Conditioning Units, Carpeting and Wallboard.	The genus Wallemia is xerophilic. may cause subcutaneous infections and allergic reactions (farmer's lung disease) in humans.) Exposure to wallemia sebi ncreases the risk of respiratory symptoms, asthma exasperation, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rhinosinusitis, bronchitis and respiratory infections. Possible health effects of this mycotoxin are fungal infections http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268330/
Wallemia Ichthyophaga	Walleminol	from hypersaline water of solar salterns. bitterns (magnesium-rich residual solutions in salt production from sea water) and salted meat)
Wallemai Muriae	Walleminon

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Mold Name

Mycotoxin Produced by that mold

Route of Exposure

Health Effects of that Mycotoxin in the Human Body

Possible documented remedies, therapies or treatments